miércoles, 24 de enero de 2007

FALACIAS DE LA ARGUMENTACIÓN VISUAL

El pasado día 18 publicaba El País en páginas consecutivas las dos informaciones que tienes a continuación. Fíjate en las imágenes y comprobarás que tratan de convertirse por sí mismas en "prueba de cargo" de una de las interpretaciones que se sustentan en la información verbal.



En la primera de ellas el dedo de la mujer señalando la grieta de la escalera parece estar demostrando de forma incontestable, sin ningún género de dudas, lo que se dice en el subtítulo: "Mas de 30 vecinos de El Prat presentan denuncias por las grietas detectadas en sus casas". Esa es, al menos, la impresión con la que se queda el lector apresurado, acostumbrado a confundir la imagen con la realidad por su parecido con la misma. Y pasará a otra información con una sentencia clara que determina un culpable.

Afortunadamente, el autor del pie de foto sí ha sabido matizar la contundencia de la imagen, frenando la evidencia lo que no hubiera sido otra cosa que una peligrosa falacia: "Una vecina de El Prat de Llobregat muestra una grieta en una escalera de su domicilio supuestamente causada por las obras del AVE".

¿Cuántas imágenes como ésta, con el dedo acusador señalando la culpa o el culpable, nos encontramos a menudo en los medios?, ¿Cuántas veces nos damos cuenta de la trampa manipuladora?.

Veamos ahora, la segunda información, la que venía en la página siguiente:


La "argumentación" visual es aquí aún más peligrosa, si cabe. Hay dos centros de interés: un invidente con gafas negras en el plano más cercano y la figura de un juez al fondo. Utilizando una corta profundidad de campo, la figura del invidente se recorta nítida sobre un fondo borroso, pero que identificamos sobradamente.

Sabemos por el titular que se trata de un suceso problemático y contradictorio: un ciego que conducía a 154 por hora (se supone que kilómetros). Enseguida vamos a comprobar que hay intención en el uso del término "ciego" frente al eufemístico y políticamente correcto "invidente".

En el subtítulo, en tipo más reducido, aparece ya como "invidente" y nos dice que la justicia le ha absuelto de intentar "engañar al juez para lograr una cuantiosa indemnización". La utilización del eufemístico "invidente" adelanta las disquisiciones jurídicas sobre lo que es y no es ser "invidente", que se desarrollan en la información.

Para el lector, sin embargo, un "ciego" es un ciego, alguien que no ve, sin más. No le hace falta seguir leyendo porque tiene una "prueba de cargo" contundente: la imagen.

¿A qué se debe tanta certeza?. El punto de vista utilizado por el fotógrafo, ligeramente detrás del "invidente", se encarga de convertir el desenfoque de la profundidad de campo en lo que ven sus ojos de supuesto ciego. Ha conseguido que veamos lo que en realidad ve, a pesar de sus gafas negras de ciego. Y así, de forma contundente, resolutiva, el lector ya tiene absolutamente evidente la sentencia: el invidente miente por mucho que diga el juez y las leyes.

¿Peligroso, verdad?

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